Deliberate vs. Emergent Strategy in Marketplace Essay

Deliberate vs. Emergent Strategy in Marketplace - Essay Example The study performed a systematic analysis of the competitors and the performance of the market and the strengths of the organizations to overcome these challenges. However, the group experienced low demand, and we decided to operate within the initial plan and make changes whenever possible. We opted for an ideological strategy. We realized strategies cannot necessarily be deliberate (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). The ideological approach enabled us to predict our market with enough accuracy to pursue our intended strategy (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). Thus, the plan offered us a clear business purpose and an opportunity to incorporate desirable actions when the deliberate action did not yield the intended results. Operating within the initial plan enabled a clear communication between the actors. Each actor understood his or her role very well. The decision to incorporate other actions was out of the realization that the market can be unstable sometimes. The organization had to tolerate the low demand while strategies to counter it were formulated. The tolerance to challenges emanated from analysis of the past demand patterns and thus the low demand did not come as a surprise (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). Additionally, the learning from the market and previous analysis also enabled us to develop corrective actions that developed in strange ways. The corrective measures were implemented in quantum leaps and orientation that allowed the organization to regain its feet (Mintzberg, 1987). These measures enabled the group to stay on track and within its business objectives. In conclusion, emergent strategy acts best as a compliment of the deliberate strategy as witnessed in our

Behaviour policy Essay Example for Free

Behaviour policy Essay Behaviour policy is a guideline to all staff on how pupil behaviour should be managed it is important that this policy is constantly being applied to ensure full safety of the pupils; this is why all staff must be familiar with this policy. The policy outlines the schools aims of how to create a positive community atmosphere in which children can learn effectively by showing good standards of behaviour. The school aims to identify and respond to good behaviour in children, promoting a positive classroom environment where children with good behaviour and work are recognised. It outlines rewards sanctuary’s and sets put a code of conduct that all children staff, parents and governors should be aware of. Although good behaviour is encouraged in schools, children will still behave inappropriate at times consequences for bad behaviour †¢Name on the board (sad face) †¢Miss time out from golden times, break or lunch play. Be sent to the head of year / deputy head †¢Be sent to the head teacher and a meeting with parents. Good Behaviour †¢Full golden time awarded †¢Raffle tickets gained †¢Star of the day †¢Extra time to choose activities †¢Certificates in Friday assembly All staff can give certain rewards and sanctuary however some may be given by a certain member of staff for example, if you behave well you may be chosen to put your name down on the deputy chart and then at the end of each term a prize is given to the one that is chosen. Golden rules †¢Always do your best †¢Be proud of our work and our school †¢Be polite at all times †¢Respect each other’s property †¢Treat other as we would like to be treated ourselves Bullying policy is there to prevent and deal with any behaviour that is bullying, and to promote an ethos where bullying is regarded as unacceptable, so that a safe and secure environment is created for everyone to learn and work in. This policy applies to everyone in, and every one visiting, our community. The setting policy includes guidance on how to prevent bullying. Discusses monitors and reviews our anti-bullying policy on a regular basis. Supports staff to promote positive relationships and identify and tackle bullying appropriately. Ensures that pupils are aware that all bullying concerns will be dealt with sensitively and effectively that pupil feel safe to learn and that pupil go by the bullying policy. Reports back to parents/carers on bullying and deal with complaints. Definition on bullying is name calling, taunting, mocking, making offensive comments,; kicking; hitting; taking belongings; inappropriate text messaging and electronic messaging (including through web-sites, Social Networking sites and Instant Messenger); sending offensive or degrading images by phone or via the internet; producing offensive graffiti; gossiping; excluding people from groups and spreading hurtful and untruthful rumours. Bullying can happen to anyone the policy covers all types of bullying including: †¢Bullying related to race, religion or culture. †¢Bullying related to special educational needs. †¢Bullying related to appearance or health conditions. †¢Bullying related to sexual orientation. †¢Bullying of young carers or looked after children or otherwise related to home circumstances. †¢Sexist or sexual bullying. †¢Cyber bullying.

Alice Walkers The Color Purple Essay -- Race, Color Purple Essays

Rape, incest, sex, forced labor, and a little reefer on the side. These are all of the components of a novel by Alice Walker. All of these views are illustrated proficiently in Alice Walker’s third novel, â€Å"The Color Purple.† Each one of these aspects had a lasting impression upon the ideals and notions of the time. Walker's writing's helped to break the racial barrier that existed in some people's minds. One way that the barrier was destroyed was through Walker's depiction of an imperfect black person. If a white person wrote about a less than perfect black person than it was considered racist. Now that a black person is writing about other blacks that are foretaking in acts that are, in their eyes, immoral and corrupt, the subject is brought into a new light. These actions are discussed out in the open, and the idea that all people have their own "flaws", is thought to be more fisable. Walker combines all of these issues in her story in a deceptive way. They all are linked together by way of a semi-believable story line with one major overlaying theme. Prescott sums it up nicely, "Love redeems, meanness kills"(p74). This is illustrated in many ways in Walker's novel. One perfect example of this is Mr. _____. Mr. _____, as he is called throughout the novel, was a wife beater, who, having been denied Celie's sister, marries Celie to look after his children. He beats her and rapes her and is just plain nasty to her. Finally, one day, after Celie discovers another mean thing that Mr. ____ did to her, she leaves with her girlfriend to start a new life. Mr. _____ is left all alone. He starts to fall apart. He becomes afraid of the dark, and just gives up on life. That was his meanness that started to destroy his life. Now, just as Mr. ____ is nearing death, his son Harpo, starts to take care of him. Mr.___ starts to love him again. Now Mr.____'s life takes a toward revival. He becomes a new man. Once he starts to love his life starts to look up again. His and his son's love redeemed him. "The more I wonder, he say, the more I love. And people start to love you back, I bet, I say. They do, he say, surprise. Harpo seem to love me." (Walker, pg. 290) Walker's novel is very unique in regards to style. Her use of black idiom is very effective and adds the extra fragment of actuality and authenticity to the story line.... .... Shug tells Celie about how one must forget all other issues they have and stop to notice God’s creations. Celie says, â€Å"Now that my eyes opening, I feels like a fool. Next to any little scrub of bush in my yard, Mr.______’s evil sort of shrink... You have to get a man off your eyeball before you can see anything a’tall.† (204). Celie has been too caught up in her troubles to see the beauty in life right before her. The burdens in her life seem like nothing compared to the splendor of Gods creation. Celie is a good example of how certain qualities of different people can form a strong woman. Unlike Shug, Celie doesn’t need men in her life and doesn’t have to confront that burden. Celie learns to be valorous and stick up for herself from both Sofia and Shug. She always had the power to love and trust but Shug makes it stronger by telling Celie to look past her hardships and notice the gifts that God has given her. By gaining this knowledge Celie transforms into a whole new woman and she is finally happy with her life. She has a high self-esteem and is surrounded by the people she loves. Work Cited: Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York: Harcourt, 1982. Alice Walker's The Color Purple Essay -- Race, Color Purple Essays Rape, incest, sex, forced labor, and a little reefer on the side. These are all of the components of a novel by Alice Walker. All of these views are illustrated proficiently in Alice Walker’s third novel, â€Å"The Color Purple.† Each one of these aspects had a lasting impression upon the ideals and notions of the time. Walker's writing's helped to break the racial barrier that existed in some people's minds. One way that the barrier was destroyed was through Walker's depiction of an imperfect black person. If a white person wrote about a less than perfect black person than it was considered racist. Now that a black person is writing about other blacks that are foretaking in acts that are, in their eyes, immoral and corrupt, the subject is brought into a new light. These actions are discussed out in the open, and the idea that all people have their own "flaws", is thought to be more fisable. Walker combines all of these issues in her story in a deceptive way. They all are linked together by way of a semi-believable story line with one major overlaying theme. Prescott sums it up nicely, "Love redeems, meanness kills"(p74). This is illustrated in many ways in Walker's novel. One perfect example of this is Mr. _____. Mr. _____, as he is called throughout the novel, was a wife beater, who, having been denied Celie's sister, marries Celie to look after his children. He beats her and rapes her and is just plain nasty to her. Finally, one day, after Celie discovers another mean thing that Mr. ____ did to her, she leaves with her girlfriend to start a new life. Mr. _____ is left all alone. He starts to fall apart. He becomes afraid of the dark, and just gives up on life. That was his meanness that started to destroy his life. Now, just as Mr. ____ is nearing death, his son Harpo, starts to take care of him. Mr.___ starts to love him again. Now Mr.____'s life takes a toward revival. He becomes a new man. Once he starts to love his life starts to look up again. His and his son's love redeemed him. "The more I wonder, he say, the more I love. And people start to love you back, I bet, I say. They do, he say, surprise. Harpo seem to love me." (Walker, pg. 290) Walker's novel is very unique in regards to style. Her use of black idiom is very effective and adds the extra fragment of actuality and authenticity to the story line.... .... Shug tells Celie about how one must forget all other issues they have and stop to notice God’s creations. Celie says, â€Å"Now that my eyes opening, I feels like a fool. Next to any little scrub of bush in my yard, Mr.______’s evil sort of shrink... You have to get a man off your eyeball before you can see anything a’tall.† (204). Celie has been too caught up in her troubles to see the beauty in life right before her. The burdens in her life seem like nothing compared to the splendor of Gods creation. Celie is a good example of how certain qualities of different people can form a strong woman. Unlike Shug, Celie doesn’t need men in her life and doesn’t have to confront that burden. Celie learns to be valorous and stick up for herself from both Sofia and Shug. She always had the power to love and trust but Shug makes it stronger by telling Celie to look past her hardships and notice the gifts that God has given her. By gaining this knowledge Celie transforms into a whole new woman and she is finally happy with her life. She has a high self-esteem and is surrounded by the people she loves. Work Cited: Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York: Harcourt, 1982.

A Touchdown on Friendship

It was my uncle who made me realize that love could be shared to anyone or anything. Love could be shared with friends, it could be expressed through one’s passion, and it could even be shared with a favorite pet.   Through my uncle’s pet, I learned the true meaning of friendship and the true meaning of love.My uncle asked me to temporarily adopt his dog one summer since he would be moving out of the country due to work related issues.   I had no idea why he chose me to take care of his dog when he knew that I was quite irresponsible at the age of twelve.Maybe, it was the exact reason why he gave me the responsibility. The Dog’s name was Touchdown, a black Labrador who was already a year old. The first few days were torture for me.My room was located near the backyard where I initially placed Touchdown and he would howl his way to sleep. I assumed that he was missing my uncle and ignored his cries. However, three days of sleepless nights forced me to give him a check. The minute I opened the backdoor of the house, he pushed his way in and walked right to my bedroom.Right then and there, it was declared that my room was also his room. I normally woke up late since there was no school to worry about. My mother would often rap at my door to make sure that I woke up early and help with the chores. When Touchdown became my roommate, he also became my alarm clock. He would bark continuously to wake me so I could let him out to do his thing.While Touchdown has become a permanent fixture in my bedroom, he still seemed wary around me. There were times that he would still bark at me when I come home or he would ignore the commands I asked him.I complained this to my uncle during one of his phone calls. He told me that I have to gain Touchdown’s trust and show him my authority so that he would follow my commands.One dog lover friend told me that I have to spend more time with Touchdown to attain these. My bond with Touchdown grew as the wee ks passed by. He became my regular buddy and became a part of my peer group as well. I could consider the bond that we had as a genuine friendship between a child and a dog. I would have to say that Touchdown taught me what unconditional love meant.No matter how I scolded him and no matter how I neglected him when I was busy with other things he still remained loyal, affectionate, and trusting. Although he never talked to me, he had communicated his unconditional love to me with more than words. His actions told me that he was always there whenever I needed him. His love was unselfish and limitless.Touchdown changed my life that summer. When the summer ended, my uncle came back and took Touchdown with him. I was sad that Touchdown was leaving but was happy when I saw my uncle’s face and Touchdown’s reaction when they finally reunited. They looked so happy to see each other again. As much as I would have liked Touchdown to stay, I knew that he would be happier with my u ncle.I know my uncle wanted me to learn new things by giving me the responsibility of taking care of his dog. I am not sure, however, if he knew how deep the impact was. I am grateful that my uncle entrusted me his beloved dog one summer.Through Touchdown, I have learned the true meaning of friendship and love. Loving a friend means giving unconditional love, trust, and support. Learning that from a dog that could not even talk only proves that action speaks louder than words.

How Can Government Support Business Growth in the Uk

How Can Government Support Business Growth in the UK? Judging from major shopping centres and high streets, it is easy to conclude that the UK is dominated by large successful businesses. â€Å"However, Office for National Statistics figures (2008) show that 89% of all UK enterprises have less than 10 employees and 98. 1% have less than 50 employees; the very largest companies account for just 0. 4% of all UK business enterprises† (Birchall, 2009). Although there are several advantages of being a small firm, most businesses want to grow and this inspires the question: â€Å"What is business growth? LinkedIn (2012) defines business growth as â€Å"an innovation that delivers solutions to customers while adding value both internally and externally to our processes as well as increasing customer value while increasing profits†. In less complex terms, a business is said to be growing when it gets a better return on its investment. In this essay, I will be discussing the wa ys the government can support business growth. In doing this research, a question popped in my head, â€Å"Why should the government support business growth? † One of the major problems facing the UK currently is unemployment.Once a business starts growing, it is essential to hire more people to help power the development and ensure stability. As such, the problem of unemployment will be considerably reduced. Secondly, Stokes and Wilson (2006) have argued that â€Å"in recent times, small firms have proved to be an abundant source of very inventive ideas however, they lack resources to put them into practice without external assistance†. They also highlighted the fact that small firms are essential to compete with larger companies by providing alternating sources of supply thereby playing an immeasurable role in the anti-monopoly policy.Insufficient finance is a major cause of business failure and this is one of the major hindrances encountered by businesses in their p ursuit of growth. â€Å"Finance is critical for starting, maintaining and growing small and medium businesses therefore, it is vital that both start-ups and existing businesses have access to the full range of debt and equity financing options† (Department for Business Innovation and Skills, 2010). Cameron (2011) in his speech about the role of small businesses expressed his shock at the way small and medium enterprises are blocked out of procurement and acquisition opportunities.In applying for bank loans, a business is required to possess a form of collateral or guarantee to support the application. Unfortunately for most businesses, they do not have sufficient collateral to back the application. The government can therefore set up schemes to help entrepreneurs obtain finance from financial institutions by agreeing to guarantee loans. For example, in 2011, Hong Kong launched the SME Loan Guarantee Scheme which was aimed at helping small and medium enterprises (SMEs) obtain loans from financial institutions and in one year, there has been tremendous growth in several industries (SME Fund, 2012).In addition to guaranteeing loans, the UK government can also help firms or industries attract external investors or experts in specific fields – private individuals and companies. This can be achieved by either providing certain incentives to the investors and experts who will not only provide the funds needed to run the business but possess the knowledge and expertise required to grow the business; or creating a platform for entrepreneurs to present their ideas to these investors. In 2005, the British Broadcasting Corporation, backed by the UK government launched a show, Dragon’s Den (BBC, 2012).This was aimed at giving entrepreneurs the opportunity to pitch their businesses to five of the most wealthy business moguls in the UK. Also, in 2005, Mozambique’s government solicited the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to help develop the ir tourism sector and in less than five years after, Mozambique has attracted over $33 million in investment and designated over 13,000 ha of land as sustainable tourism zones (IFC, 2012). The government can help the unemployed and disadvantaged start-up businesses of their own through special schemes.In 1999, the government recognised the need to encourage start-ups in disadvantaged companies so the Phoenix Fund was set up (Open Forum, 2012). The major objective of this scheme was to encourage investment in new and growing businesses. However, the unemployed population are still being ignored and some of them genuinely want to work but have met with one difficulty or another (Open Forum, 2012). The government can help by creating enabling opportunities for people to set up their own businesses at home. They can also set up Enterprise Allowance Schemes which will serve as incentives to these entrepreneurs.Furthermore, the government can interfere with the free market and save failin g businesses. However, there are two sides to this coin. On one hand, government’s intervention through policies would result in a better controlled trading environment and can stabilise faltering economies. An example of this is the 2008 financial crises when the UK government stepped in to help the large banks and struggling automakers. On the other hand, government’s interventions may result in inefficiency such as price floors e. g. EU's Common Agriculture Policy which created huge surpluses (excess butter to make a cube of butter with 125m sides) (Debate Org. 2012) Another way the UK government can support business growth is to lighten the burden of taxation and administrative processes required to start up and run a business. The Bolton Committee suggested that taxation policies should reflect the government’s encouragement of entrepreneurial activity and improve the marketability of small businesses i. e. improving the degree to which an asset can be trad ed in the market without affecting its price (Stokes and Wilson, 2006). The government responded to this suggestion by giving small firms the advantage of benefitting from lower corporation tax rates.For example, a company with profits from ? 50,000 to ? 300,000 has a tax rate of 19%. However, once profits increase above this range, they are liable to the full 30% tax rate (UK Legislation, 2012). Similar to all other businesses, even the very small firms are responsible for health and safety on their premises for all workers and customers. For example, The Safety at Work Act (1974) and the Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act (1963) give employers thorough responsibilities ranging from machinery safety to even the temperature of the working environment.Another example is the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) which requires employers to take steps to ensure disabled employees are not discriminated against. Small firms have experienced major difficulties in following these regul ations to the letter. The government can help here by reducing its requirements regarding very small firms and by encouraging their inspectors to increase their awareness of smaller firms’ interests (UK Legislation, 2012). The third way in which the government can support business growth is in the provision of information and advice.Of all the factors initiating growth, the most important is luck and the ability to be aware of chance opportunities (Gill, 1985). In 1993, the UK government launched what Stokes and Wilson (2006) refer to as â€Å"a network of independent local business information and advice centres offering a range of services to the business community, designed to enhance the competitiveness of local companies†. This network is known as Business Links. The government can develop this initiative by providing online information and services thereby, reaching a larger range of businesses.However, Office for National Statistics (2008) show that 24% of SMEs lack online presence. Therefore, in addition to providing online information, the government has to encourage these companies to log on to the internet. Business owners and entrepreneurs tend to value advice from experienced business moguls. Therefore, the government can set up â€Å"business mentoring organisations that will provide practical advice and contacts for other businesses, based on hands-on experience† (Department for Business Innovation and Skills, 2010).In 1972, on the recommendation of the Bolton Committee, the Small Firms Service (SFS) was set up to provide information through a network of 13 Small Firms Centres (SFCs); however, this service packed up in 1990 due to the irresponsibility and negligence of the management. In spite of the failure of the service in the UK, other governments recognised that if these organisations were successful, the benefits cannot be over-emphasized (Open Forum, 2012). They therefore set up similar schemes e. g. he United States Small Business Administration, the Australian business services portal of the Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources and the Small Business Directorate in the Ministry of Economic Development in New Zealand (LinkedIn, 2012). Business growth brings improved survival prospects through larger market shares, diversification into different markets and greater finance. It also brings an increased feeling of status and power. Most importantly, it enables a firm enjoy economies of scale. Wikipedia (2012) defines economies of scale as â€Å"the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion†.The common sources of economies of scale are purchasing – bulk buying of materials through long-term contracts, managerial – increasing the specialization of managers, financial – obtaining lower-interest charges when borrowing from banks and having access to a greater range of financial instruments, marketing – spreading the cost of advertising over a greater range of output in media market and technological – taking advantage of returns to scale in the production function. In the 1990s during the Asian economic crises, Tesco saw this as an opportunity to enter the market and once the economies started to recover, they emerged stronger.Today, they are the market leader in Thailand (Floyd, 2011). Whereas growth is encouraged, there are a number of possible problems arising from growth. Firstly, expansion brings pressure on a firms’ liquidity e. g. as a result of offering additional credit to encourage sales, and on its level of gearing. Also, although growth may have been planned efficiently by managers, they may find that this growth makes the firm’s various functions or projects more difficult to co-ordinate and to control, and its communication procedures slower.In addition, there is no guarantee that what is popular in the UK market will become equally popular overseas, because of local and national dif ferences (e. g. due to culture). Control and co-ordination also become more difficult as a result of international expansion. A good example of when business growth has been a huge disadvantage to a company is General Motors Limited in the USA (Open Forum, 2012). In conclusion, the three ways in which the UK government can support business growth are by improving access to finance, making information and advice available to people and by lightening tax and administrative load.However, even though supporting business growth is essential, it is important that this growth be controlled because even though small firms make less profit than the larger ones and have low chances of surviving in the dynamic world of business, they offer a better and more flexible service to customers and their staff often benefit from high levels of motivation. They are also able to exploit their size and take advantage of the opportunities presented by diseconomies of scale suffered by large firms.Most imp ortantly, they play an important role in ensuring the economy remains balanced. Reference List * Birchall, N. (2009) ‘Survival of the smallest’, Business Review Journal, (Sept 2009), pp. 5-7 * British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (2012) Dragon’s Den [Online]. Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/programmes/p01009mj (Accessed on 13th October 2012) * Cameron, D. (2011) Is the Government serious about supporting small business? [Online]. Available at: http://goo. gl/l2rBl (Accessed on 13th October 2012) * Debate org. 2012) Should the government intervene with the free market and save failing businesses? [Online]. Available at: http://www. debate. org/opinions (Accessed on 1st November 2012) * Department for Business Innovation and Skills (2010) Backing small business [Online]. Available at: http://goo. gl/9gGe9 (Accessed on 13th October 2012) * Drucker, P. (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship. London: Heinemann * Floyd, D. (2011) Revise AS ; A2: Business Studie s. London: Letts Educational Ltd. * Gill, J. (1985) Factors affecting the survival and growth of the smaller company.Hants: Gower Publishing Company Limited * IFC (2012) Helping Attract Investment in Mozambique’s Tourism Sector [Online]. Available at: http://goo. gl/wkZqZ (Accessed on 30th October 2012) * LinkedIn (2012) Business Growth [Online]. Available at: http://www. linkedin. com (Accessed on 1st November 2012) * Office for National Statistics (2008) UK Business Statistics [Online]. Available at: http://nationalstatistics. gov. uk (Accessed on 12th October 2012) * Open Forum (2011) Why the Government should help Young Entrepreneurs start business [Online]. Available at: http://goo. l/uYwiZ (Accessed on 13th October 2012) * SME Fund (2012) SME Loan Guarantee Scheme [Online]. Available at: http://www. smefund. tid. gov. hk/english/sgs/sgs_objective. html (Accessed on 30th October 2012) * Stokes, D. and Wilson, N. (2006) Small Business Management ; Entrepreneurship. London : Thomson Learning * UK Legislation (2012) Employment and Tax-related Laws [Online]. Available at: http://www. legislation. gov. uk (Accessed on 2nd November 2012) * Wikipedia (2012) Economies of scale [Online]. Available at: http://www. wikipedia. com (Accessed on 4th November 2012)

Machiavellis Best Quotes

Machiavellis Best Quotes Niccolà ² Machiavelli is a central intellectual figure in Renaissance philosophy. Although he worked mainly as a statesman, he was also a notable historian, dramatist, poet, and philosopher. His works contain some of the most memorable quotes in political science. Here follows a selection of those that are most representative for philosophers. Most Notable Quotes From the Prince (1513) Upon this, one has to remark that men ought either to be well treated or crushed, because they can avenge themselves of lighter injuries, of more serious ones they cannot; therefore the injury that is to be done to a man ought to be of such a kind that one does not stand in fear of revenge. From this arises the question whether it is better to be loved more than feared, or feared more than loved. The reply is, that one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved, if one of the two has to be wanting. For it may be said of men in general that they are ungrateful, voluble, dissemblers, anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain; as long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours; they offer you their blood, their goods, their life, and their children, as I have before said, when the necessity is remote; but when it approaches, they revolt. And the prince who has relied solely on their words, without making other preparations, is ruined, for the friendship which is gained by purchase and not through grandeur and nobility of spirit is merited but is not secured, and at times is not to be had. And men have less scruple in offending one who makes himself loved than one who makes himself fea red; for love is held by a chain of obligation which, men being selfish, is broken whenever it serves their purpose; but fear is maintained by a dread of punishment which never fails.You must know, then, that there are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force: the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is therefore necessary to know well how to use both the beast and the man. Most Notable Quotes from the Discourses on Livy (1517) As all those have shown who have discussed civil institutions, and as every history is full of examples, it is necessary to whoever arranges to found a Republic and establish laws in it, to presuppose that all men are bad and that they will use their malignity of mind every time they have the opportunity; and if such malignity is hidden for a time, it proceeds from the unknown reason that would not be known because the experience of the contrary had not been seen, but time, which is said to be the father of every truth, will cause it to be discovered.So in all human affairs one notices, if one examines them closely, that it is impossible to remove one inconvenience without another emerging.Anyone who studies present and ancient affairs will easily see how in all cities and all peoples there still exist, and have always existed, the same desires and passions. Thus, it is an easy matter for him who carefully examines past events to foresee future events in a republic and to apply the r emedies employed by the ancients, or, if old remedies cannot be found, to devise new ones based upon the similarity of the events. But since these matters are neglected or not understood by those who read, or, if understood, remain unknown to those who govern, the result is that the same problems always exist in every era.

Granny Emmas Ice Cream Company (107793) Essay Example

Granny Emmas Ice Cream Company (107793) Essay Example Granny Emmas Ice Cream Company (107793) Essay Granny Emmas Ice Cream Company (107793) Essay involved the possibility of existent enjoyment at a cafe siting country. Branchs in the town Centre besides served salads and tiffins. At present,production is available at an equal mill, bring forthingsweeping markets. The company besides supplies eating houses, hotels, stores and traditional ice pick sellers, being important refering increased net income and farthertrade name consciousness. Increased trade name consciousnesscould besides take to farther retail merchants emerging, at thedesired point of sale. When singmonetary valueas portion of the selling mix, thisextremely valued, premium merchandise of significant worth, â€Å"speaks for itself† . Price is frequently associated with quality and this merchandise has beenbranded efficaciously,when sing the already discussed traditional attack andbranding with accent on pureness and entire value. Besides one hundred and 50 milliliter and 500millilitre baths are offered for sale, every bit good as one, two and four liter containers. An ice pick sundae glass with three 100 milliliters is besides available. This creates asignificant monetary value assortmentfor the client. With respects conclusiveness on organisational resources at Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company, farther resources to see might include the undermentioned: Expertness refering the devising of ice pick and the ice pick market itself, gross revenues staff that adhere to the â€Å"traditional company values and trade name name, † mill workers which are knowing with respects â€Å"Granny Emma’s front-runner recipe† , a extremely valued gross revenues merchandise, a high equity trade name, assorted concern relationships, every bit good as retail units and a centralized ice pick production capableness, of 13 thousand liters of ice pick per twenty-four hours. Furthermore, anexternal analysisthat will include theselling environment, competitory analysis and client analysis will be required. While sing anexternal analysisthat includes the selling environment, competitory and client analysis, much could be considered, one time once more within the range of this instance survey: Selling environment: The selling environment normally includes both external or unmanageable variables, every bit good as internal or governable. For the intent of this assignment, merely theexternalor unmanageable variables will really be considered. While carry oning a P.E. S. T Analysis, ( political, economic, societal and technological ) analysis, it can be seen that all of these variables are really external, or are at times referred to as the â€Å"unmanageable variables.† They are unmanageable in their nature, merely because an person or administration can seldom, or at all of all time, exercise any control, or exert any influence over them. Together with governable variables, theselling environmentor portion thereof, may be defined. While sing theselling environmentwith respects thepolitical analysis: The Government’s policies with respects healthy feeding and fleshiness every bit good as possibly curtailing publicizing refering â€Å"junk food† , has played a major function with possible hereafter gross revenues, every bit good as existent ice pick content. Options were besides offered by the competition. While sing theselling environmentwith respects theeconomic analysis: At some point in clip a realization occurred, that ice pick gross revenues were largely governed by the conditions and were accordingly seasonal. This was a large job as staff employed on a seasonal footing, were a large cost component to the company. Once once more it can be clearly seen that a deficiency of existent control existed, when sing this unmanageable economic state of affairs. While sing theselling environmentwith respects asocietal analysis: Certaintendenciesseemed to be emerging at the clip, with respects a new and healthy lifestyle consumer attack. Consumers sought healthier nutrients, with a lower fat content, taking to an overall wellness betterment. While in anterior old ages a minimal fat content of five and a half per centum within ice pick was sought, this has changed dramatically. While sing theselling environmentwith respects atechnological analysis: Harmonizing to the given instance survey, the ice pick industry truly came into being around the twelvemonth 19 26. This was due to thetechnological factorrefering the development of a feasible procedure deep-freeze. This in consequence permittedmass productionof this merchandise as such, giving rise to the possibility of an existent ice pick industry. Similarly, Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company, found itself in a similar place of wishing to fabricate ice pick on a much greater graduated table, ensuing in centralized production within a mill, refering in a day-to-day end product potency of 13 thousand liters. Once once moreengineeringhas been utilised, refering demand for mass production and the proviso of consequentcompetitory advantage. Competitive Analysis: Many factors and variables can be assessed at this point with respects this full treatment, while doing mention tocompetitory advantage. In footings of the merchandise offered, as has been discussed, this has been aextremely valued point,appealing strongly towards the mark market. Its entreaty sing â€Å"traditional values† includingpureness and friendlinessand consequentextremely valued trade name image, havepositionedthe merchandise consequently. Besides, when accordingly mentioning toconsumer psychographicsthepsychological benefitson offer to the consumer have been significant. These factors as a effect provide greatcompetitory advantage, the merchandise basking gross revenues at two supermarkets, with the possibility of increased gross revenues potency. The merchandise is besides available at the seashore every bit good as at a cafe siting country, withvariegationholding occurred, including sandwiches and bites. Once once morecompetitory advantagemay be seen via merchandise variegation, every bit good as purchase handiness and the negation of seasonal capriciousness, taking to increased gross revenues. Production is available at an equal mill, bring forthingsweeping market gross revenuesandincreased net incomes. Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company besides supplies eating houses, hotels, stores and traditional ice pick sellers, basking a significant sum oftrade name consciousness, taking to the possibility of increased retail merchant mercantile establishments. Competitive advantagecan clearly be seen with respectstrade name consciousnessand strongtrade name image. Furthercompetitory advantageexists with sweeping market gross revenues and end point increased net incomes. When sing monetary value, due to thissuperior merchandisebeing offered via its extremely effectual trade name image exposingsuperior merchandise characteristics, monetary value is merely interpreted as being worthy of the merchandise on offer. Besides, the significant volume assortment on offer refering gross revenues, created asignificant monetary value assortmentfor the client. A greatcompetitory advantagecan be seen here, as theperceived monetary value valueisworthy of merchandise offer. Furthermore, monetary value as such has been defined as one of the five of import factors when specifying theplace of ice pick, within this instance survey, positioning itself, associating tocompetitory advantage. There is besides great expertness available sing the ice pick market and Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company. While besides sing this high equity trade name, assorted concern relationships, assorted retail units, and a centralized ice pick production system, muchcompetitory advantagemay be sought. When integratingvariegation,market consciousnessand besides sing a greater sum of coveted enlargement and variegation, this calls for even greater potency forcompetitory advantage. At this point in clip,Porter’s Five Forces Modelwill be utilized, with respects a finalized, external competitory analysis: The ice pick offered by Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company could be seen as exposing competitory advantage in a figure of different ways: It could be seen as comprising of â€Å"traditional values† and â€Å"pureness† , exposinghigh equity. Consumerpsychological satisfactionevery bit good asvariegationbesides seems to have as extremely positive properties.Sweeping market gross revenuesbesides characteristic, comprising ofsignificant market end product.The merchandise is besides â€Å"priced adequately† , offering significant monetary value assortment.Monetary value itself straight refers to competitory advantage within the range of this instance surveyand it seems that this variable has been catered for, due to this superior merchandise, which has been on offer. Sing Porter’s Five Forces Model every bit good as the above: While sing the menace of entrants into the market place: This will happen one time once more, while sing Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company, seen as exposingcompetitory advantagein the figure of different ways described: Once once more a existent menace occurs, as this freshly created wellness nutrient market mentioning to the low content fat demands within ice pick and the attempted negation of debris nutrients, may make a new mark market within the nutrient industry. This new mark market mentioning to new market sections will make a â€Å"spread in the market.† New entrants will finally be attracted to new gross revenues possibilities. The â€Å"traditional values† and â€Å"purity attack utilised by Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company may be faced withsignificant competitionfrom new entrants, aimingotherwise created market sections. While sing barriers to entry: Once once more sing Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company, exposingcompetitory advantagein the figure of different ways described: Refering authorities policy sing barriers to entry, it seems as if there are â€Å"no barriers† , since the authorities has really encouraged this new healthy lifestyle attack. This is one time once more a existent menace, as Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company may lose significant market portion. The competition Richmond Foods, since they are the chief U. K maker, would besides possesseconomic systems of graduated table.Together with authorities policy, domination of the ice pick market could therefore occur. The â€Å"traditional values† and â€Å"purity approach† used by the company, while holding been constituents of high equity in their ain right, refering the new authorities policy, would increasingly exert less consequence. This traditional trade name name would besides increasingly lose trade name equity. Consequently fewer gross revenues would finally happen. Merchandise variegationonce more, seems to be a solution, which could take todistinctionand finally one time more tocompetitory advantage.Through equal variegation, one could even keep, or perchance even better merchandise monetary value, comparative to the competition. While sing dickering power of purchasers: This analysis will happen one time once more, via mention to all related issues and competitory advantage, while sing Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company. Muchbargaining purchasecould happen, refering purchasers, with respects this new nutrient and ice pick market. This would be the instance particularly refering thehandiness of replacements, refering the ice pick market as a whole. This would ensue in reduced gross revenues for Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company. Besides,trade name individualityfor Granny Emma’s Company could decrease as a consequence, as â€Å"traditional values† embracing â€Å"purity† , would besides as such no longer sell this ice pick merchandise sufficiently. A farther possibility could be a decrease of the retail merchant ice pickmonetary valuesat Granny Emma’s, as an overall effect, including gross revenues refering sweeping markets. Competitive advantage losswould ensue. While refering dickering power of providers: Again, via mention to all related issues and competitory advantage, while sing Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company, certain issues will be discussed: With respects this perchance freshly acquired wellness market, ifprovider concentrationis of a sufficiently high adequate volume, this will one time once more lead todecreased competitory advantagewith respects Granny Emma’s Ice Cream. This will be due to gross revenues being undertaken via other retail merchants, ensuing in market portion loss, sing this company. This is unless fartherdistinctionoccurs with respectsmerchandise scopeand ice pick alteration, as respects a upper limit of two per centum fat content. Thesweeping market gross revenuescould besides be affected drastically, and the company could be forced to cut back on retail monetary values, in order to last within asaturated market, with perchancediminished trade name equity. While refering menace of replacement merchandises: The taking U.K Ice Cream Manufacturer being a large portion of the existent competition has introduced the Skinny Cow Brand, integrating less than two per centum fat content. If there is sufficientpurchaser disposition to replace, as could be the instance refering this authorities wellness enterprise, unless both fartherdistinctionevery bit good asmerchandise versionoccurs,competitory advantagecould really good be lost. Furthermore, if Richmond Foods every bit good as other rivals sell their merchandise at alower monetary value, competitory advantage loss could really happen with significant certainty. Substitute merchandises may furthermore, take on â€Å"attributes† of their ain when associating to factors such as â€Å"purity† , by expeditiously publicizing their really low fat content as such and pull offing to associate this to trade name name. External Customer Analysis: As has already been discussed, certain â€Å"customer attributes† exist, within the range of this instance survey. Refering ice pick gross revenues, it seems that in old old ages, the client has enjoyed buying truly good tasting, â€Å"full cream† ice pick. This has incorporated comparatively high fat content. It has perchance besides included coveted traditional fabrication, stigmatization and gross revenues methodological analysiss, within the U.K. The client seems to hold farther enjoyed such a traditional purchase, at a traditional point of sale, in Granny Emma’s instance, the seaboard resort. Health and wellness attention merchandises it seems have non featured extremely on the docket of the client. Certain trends nevertheless, have begun to make the opposite consequence. An assessment of current and future mark market sections: Refering the changed political environment, it can be seen that this unmanageable variable may hold perchance changedcleavage demands, taking one to hold to aim the â€Å"healthier life style† market alternatively. It seems that the current cleavage attack of the high fat nutrient market, may hold become out-of-date. In footings ofvariegation sought and enlargement, this may in itself be a good thought.Consequently, new markets will besides hold to be targeted. However, there is no reference of practical â€Å"diversification† of the trade name besides, in order to stand for the freshly sought merchandises and merchandise scope. If the trade name is altered falsely, this may in itself be of great concern and a possible menace to the company. If it is non altered at all sing variegation, one time more, the same dangers apply. However if it is altered adequately, freshly sought market sections should be sought and consequently targeted, perchance integrating the wellness nutrient market. This could turn out to be a great success. Besides,consumer psychographicscleavage could happen, which could include thelow fat componentas a possible agency ofpureness and satisfaction. It seems that a â€Å"spread in the market† would perchance be, which should be utilised forcleavage intents. Including this possible â€Å"trade name reinvention† refering pureness and low fat content, the ice pick itself could in a sense become â€Å"redefined† ,leting one to keep Granny Emma’s Logo and trade name name.This would cut down any possible hazard associated with an existent trade name change. Finally, possible sections of the market to be targeted, should include: The â€Å"healthier lifestyle† market section and the low fat and pureness content market section. This should be accomplished, via mention to the already established and believable, Granny Emma Brand Logo. These sections should integrate chiefly thenon-dairy ice pick market, as this seems to hold a lower fat content. In concurrence with effectual stigmatization as mentioned, a premium monetary value may be sought. An equal â€Å"overrun† and packaging method should be utilised. The alternate merchandise enlargement should besides mention to the above-named sections, merely transporting Forth a discrepancy of the Granny Emma Brand Logo, when sing existent nutrient and drink. Possible current market impact refering enlargement: One could reply this inquiry with some uncertainness, as has already been mentioned, as it is normally the market that really exercises impact upon an administration. I n order for Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company to exert â€Å"some signifier of impact† , this company will hold to be at thereally head of competition. This would be with respectsfeasible market sectionsand aselling mix, organizing portion of anintricately thought out selling scheme. Notwithstanding being thetaking U.K maker, the inclusion of agreat sum of gross revenueswould help refering current market impact. If a significant sum of gross revenues are accordingly made and sufficient market portion is attained, sing relevant and feasible markets, this could exert an impact on the market consequently. Refering enlargement as already discussed, the market could be affected well, from the point of position that different types of merchandises may be sought by consumers and in different measures. This may name for certain administrations to shift a certain type of merchandise consequently, in order to get competitory advantage. Furthermore, certain merchandise classs may finally lose market portion, to the point where they are no longer feasible. Attendant benefits and dangers: When mentioning to benefits and dangers, one refers to a S.W.O.T ( strengths, failings, chances, menaces ) , analysis. With respects thestrengths, the company has both market cognition expertness, every bit good as significant production capableness. With respects the purpose of possible farther enlargement and variegation taking to perchance increased competitory advantage, great advantage can be sought, all of these factors mentioning to significant benefits. If there is relevant market impact, this will be a farther strength, as this will connote that the company will hold captured significant market portion. Referingfailings, it can be deduced that due to the fact that Granny Emma’s Ice Cream Company is non the taking U.K Manufacturer while sing both end product and gross revenues, a certain sum of danger really exists. This danger comes into being, when sing enlargement, with respects seeking certain market sections. If these market sections are non targeted suitably, so this may turn out to be an unsuccessful venture, when sing market impact. Singchances, it would be a existent benefit to try to spread out and diversify, accordingly deriving further competitory advantage. This could affect increased merchandise gross revenues and aiming feasible market sections, attesting as a benefit, while come ining the prior discussed, â€Å"gap in the market.† Refering market impact, this can turn into a large chance and benefit, if it is really accomplished. It will in consequence mean that the company will hold become a dominant participant in this industry, holding captured significant market portion. With respects to possiblemenacesor dangers, the menace exists of non spread outing sufficiently, or non capturing sufficient market portion, or both. This would ensue in a loss of competitory advantage, attesting as a possible danger. A farther menace or danger exists, that while trying enlargement, the present trade name name might non provide favorably refering the freshly targeted market sections. Refering market impact, this may non turn out to be the instance at all. Consequently market portion attainment will non hold occurred, taking to an unsuccessful venture Bibliography: Perreault. D. William McCarthy. Jerome. Tocopherol Basic Selling A planetary – Managerial Approach 12ThursdayErectile dysfunction IRWIN Publishers Koch. Richard GUIDE TO Scheme How to make and present A utile scheme ( 1995 ) ( Pitman Publishing )

Ida B. Wells and Her Anti-Lynching Campaign

Ida B. Wells and Her Anti-Lynching Campaign African-American journalist Ida B. Wells went to heroic lengths in the late 1890s to document the horrifying practice of lynching blacks. Her groundbreaking work, which included collecting statistics in a practice that today is called data journalism, established that the lawless killing of blacks was a systematic practice, especially in the South in the era following Reconstruction. Wells became deeply interested in the lynching problem after three black businessmen she knew were killed by a white mob outside Memphis, Tennessee, in 1892. For the next four decades she would devote her life, often at great personal risk, to campaigning against lynching. At one point a newspaper she owned was burned by a white mob. And she was certainly no stranger to death threats. Yet she doggedly reported on lynchings and made the subject of lynching a topic which American society could not ignore. Early Life Ida B. Wells was born into slavery on July 16, 1862, in Holly Springs, Mississippi. She was the eldest of eight children. Following the end of the Civil War, her father, who as a slave had been the carpenter on a plantation, was active in Reconstruction period politics in Mississippi. When Ida was young she was educated in a local school, though her education was interrupted when both her parents died in a yellow fever epidemic when she was 16. She had to take care of her siblings, and she moved with them to Memphis, Tennessee, to live with an aunt. In Memphis, Wells found work as a teacher. And she resolved to become an activist when, on May 4, 1884, she was ordered to leave her seat on a streetcar and move to a segregated car. She refused and was ejected from the train.   She began to write about her experiences, and became affiliated with The Living Way, a newspaper published by African-Americans. In 1892 she became the co-owner of a small newspaper for African-Americans in Memphis, the Free Speech. The Anti-Lynching Campaign The horrendous practice of lynching had become widespread in the South in the decades following the Civil War. And it hit home for Ida B. Wells in March 1892 when three young African-American businessmen she knew in Memphis were abducted by a mob and murdered. Wells resolved to document the lynchings in the South, and to speak out in hopes of ending the practice. She began advocating for the black citizens of Memphis to move to the West, and she urged boycotts of segregated streetcars. By challenging the white power structure, she became a target. And in May 1892 the office of her newspaper, the Free Speech, was attacked by a white mob and burned.   She continued her work documenting lynchings. She traveled to England in 1893 and 1894, and spoke at many public meetings about the conditions in the American South. She was, of course, attacked for that at home. A Texas newspaper called her an adventuress, and the governor of Georgia even claimed that she was a stooge for international businessmen trying to get people to boycott the South and do business in the American West. In 1894 she returned to America and embarked on a speaking tour. An address she gave in Brooklyn, New York, on December 10, 1894, was covered in the New York Times. The report noted that Wells had been welcomed by a local chapter of the Anti-Lynching Society, and a letter from Frederick Douglass, regretting that he couldnt attend, had been read. The New York Times reported on her speech: During the present year, she said, no less than 206 lynchings had taken place. They were not only on the increase, she declared, but were becoming intensified in their barbarism and boldness. She said that lynchings that formerly took place at night were now in some cases actually perpetrated in the broad daylight, and more than that, photographs were taken of the atrocious crime, and were sold as souvenirs of the occasion. In some instances, Miss Wells said, the victims were burned as a sort of diversion. She said that the Christian and moral forces of the country were now required to revolutionize public sentiment. In 1895 Wells published a landmark book, A Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynchings In the United States. In a sense, Wells practiced what today is often lauded as data journalism, as she scrupulously kept records and was able to document the large numbers of lynchings which were taking place in America. Personal Life In 1895 Wells married Ferdinand Barnett, an editor and lawyer in Chicago. They lived in Chicago and had four children. Wells continued her journalism, and often published articles on the subject of lynching and civil rights for African-Americans. She became involved in local politics in Chicago and also with the nationwide drive for womens suffrage. Ida B. Wells died on March 25, 1931. Though her campaign against lynching did not stop the practice, her groundbreaking reporting and writing on the subject was a milestone in American journalism. Belated Honors At the time Ida B. Wells died she had faded from public view somewhat, and major newspapers did not note her passing. In March 2018, as part of a project to highlight women who had been overlooked, the New York Times published a belated obituary of Ida B. Wells. There has also been a movement to honor Wells with a statue in the Chicago neighborhood where she lived. And in June 2018 the Chicago city government voted to honor Wells by naming a street for her.

Criminal Justice Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice Portfolio - Essay Example It may also encompass legal guarantees of access to information, protection of journalists, public’s limited access to the media and right of reply or correction†. Discussion: My position on the issue is that the press should be given complete freedom to function within its own framework of guidelines, and there should be restrictions only on careless or false reporting. My opinion is correct because the public has the right to the true facts of any information of significance, and transparency will ensure decline in corruption. According to the Final Annotated Survey of the State of the First Amendment (2005: p.2), the results show that 47% of the public felt that the amount of freedom the press enjoyed was â€Å"about right†, 39% felt that the press had too much freedom, too little freedom was the verdict of only 10%, and the remaining 4% did not know. The viewpoint of the majority is supported by McQuail (2003: p.54) who states that social responsibility theory became an essential point of reference in the growing trend towards the professionalization and self-regulation of the press. Conclusion: The small minority of the public who believe that the press should have less freedom should consider one important reason for freedom of the press: that those in high public office, in businesses or in responsible social posts will need to show results, and also keep free from wrongdoings. Introduction: According to Klay; Sewell (1996: p.241) development and application of criminal justice technology for the purpose of individual liberty is possible only in communities that share and perpetuate democratic norms. Emphasizing on â€Å"responsible use†, the democratic communitarian theory requres the use of technology to strengthen unity within the community, while exercising restraint and avoiding the creation of potentially threatening technologies. Discussion: My

International Law and Protection of the Children Dissertation

International Law and Protection of the Children - Dissertation Example Despite the international legal framework for the protection of children in humanitarian crises and armed conflict, the UN reports that children in the millions are often targets of armed conflicts in various ways. In this regard children are either victims in part of a more general attack on civilians. Other children are subjected to sexual assaults and are simply deprived of substance therefore dying or suffering from starvation or disease. Some children are unlawfully forced to join the war effort or participated as combatants in humanitarian crises.4 It would therefore appear that international laws are inadequate for protecting children in humanitarian crises and armed conflict. This research study analyses the international legal framework for the protection of children in humanitarian crises and armed conflict and identifies the flaws which contribute to its general inadequacies. It is generally concluded that the enforcement of international law is problematic in that it requ ires cross-border cooperation for the collection of evidence and investigative purposes. Other problems such as the non-binding nature of international legal instruments on non-state actors and diverse ideologies relative to the definition of childhood also contribute to the inadequacy of international law in protecting children in humanitarian crises and armed conflict. It is also observed that the extent to which the state is prepared to intervene to protect children in large part depends on culture and norms. For example, China is less reluctant to override how adults, particularly parents treat their children as children are regarded as property. In Europe, the State is more willing to take the side of children over that of adults.5 It is also observed and argued that the extent to which states are committed to the protection of children is largely dependent on a state’s political and economic priorities and resources. Table of Contents Abstract 4 Table of Contents 5 Chap ter One 6 Introduction to the Study 6 Introduction 6 Statement of the Problem 9 Significance of the Study 10 Aims and Objectives 10 Research Methodology 11 Organization of the Study 12 Chapter Two 13 International Human Rights Laws and the Protection of Children 13 Introduction 13 International Norms and International Human Rights for the Protection of Children 14 The CRC and Protection of Children’s Human Rights 21 Conclusion 28 Chapter Three 29 International Humanitarian Laws and the Protection of Children 29 Introduction 29 International Humanitarian Law for the Protection of Children 31 Conclusion 47 Chapter Four 48 The Adequacy of International Humanitarian Laws for the Protection of Children 48 Chapter Five 55 Findings/Conclusion 55 Bibliography 60 Chapter One Introduction to the Study Introduction Humanitarian crises such as the Tsunami in 2004 which claimed 300,000 lives, the war in Darfur in 2002 left hundreds of thousands of children either parentless or displaced.6 The effects of war, most recently in the Middle East have been particularly devastating for children.7 The

Urban Sustainabiliy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Urban Sustainabiliy - Essay Example Populations grow vertically because families stick together and find space to work and connect with people through wealth. Urban places have a better chance of growing horizontally than those places with poorer services who are growing vertically as each person in the block or family or cross-section investigated has to grow out on their own and wish selfishness for himself while growing up. Defining what an urban citizen needs is what every citizen in the world requires:clean air,natural beauty,less pollution and intoxication of natural resources,peace and quietude and simplicity of living and understanding life and people with less complicated structure of behaviour than that which is by the people of rural or countryside places. 'In the context of sustainable urban development, we discuss the assessment of residential environmental quality and the importance of considering inhabitants' perceptions of natural resources in urban areas. Two series of studies, conducted in Guildford (United Kingdom) and in Rome (Italy), addressed the correspondence, or contrast, between inhabitants' and experts' assessment of urban quality concerning two crucial natural resources: air quality and biodiversity. The Guildford study emphasized the accuracy of the assessment of urban air quality by experts and the public. The Rome study focused on the evaluative criteria employed by scientists and the public in assessing the quality of urban green spaces. The results from both studies shed more, albeit complex, light on the simple conventional wisdom about public versus expert understanding and assessment of environmental quality.' (1) This is true as scientists do not have themselves living under the pressure of the persons in need of the changes and challenges especially that their points of discussions could be more of a story than of a realistic impression of what goes on and what is the fact that results in such concerns and what they mean and what they impose on the people who live such conditions which could be fatal to their lives because there is no escaping it. Scientists speak for the purpose of being heard even though much of them speak to solve,but the point of differences resulting in both words of the inhabitants and experts is the realism of what the inhabitants speak of and in the semi-realism of what the experts speak of. As always,the words of inhabitants shown in expert's words leads to the fact and result that inhabitants speak out of emotions and not realization and realization of facts;that their perspectives of the problems is nave and unemploying reason and facilities to exert more effort t o bring thoughts and understanding of the nature of the problem to the person who really lives such an issue. It is like what a doctor's manner of trying to soothe the pain of a dying patient by telling them that they are going to be alright except that they just have to wait a while 'and see furthermore solutions to solve

Cesaer Beccaria & Classical Theories of Crime and Punishment Research Paper

Cesaer Beccaria & Classical Theories of Crime and Punishment - Research Paper Example Crime is any action that violates basic believes and values of a society. These beliefs are values are the laws that the society observes, in maintaining peace and order. A person who violates these laws has to face its consequences and this is referred to as punishment. Crime and punishment classical theories are based on the philosophy of utilitarian. Cesare Beccaria was a classical school philosopher who argued that people are free to decide on how to act, and secondly, human beings are hedonists, who look for pleasure while avoiding pain and the weight of benefits and costs of the actions consequences. This theory, however, ignores motivational factors’ possibility like unconscious drives and irrationality of individuals. The theory states that: punishment of sufficient severity is the only way of stopping people from committing crime because its costs are more than the benefits. However, punishment severity should be proportional to the crime. The more certain and swift t he punishment is, the more effective it’s likely to be in preventing behaviors of crime. However, his views contrast and compare to the contemporary theory of Rational Choice Theory. Classical Theories The theory states that individuals freely choose their own actions and that avoiding such acts is only possible if the benefits that the individual expects are less than the costs, for example facing severe punishment. Therefore, the assumptions of classical theory are; all people are by nature self seeking, and hence are responsible to committing crimes. An agreement to protect private property power among others, and people deliberately enter into social agreements with the government in order to maintain peace, law is only a sign of moral agreement coherence as all people are rational and finally, every individual is responsible for his own actions. The theory also states that the behavior of law breaking is as a result of irrational actions of some people, who because of th eir shortcomings are unable to uphold an agreement with their nation or state. According to the classical theory of crime, people who disobey the law are punished in order to stop them from destructing other peoples’ rights, and this gives the government a choice to punish them and implement the penalty, since the society is independently established by people. Furthermore, the theory says that penalties must equal the interest that the crime violates and concentration should be centered on the act (Beccaria, 1764). The classical theory argues that laws should be few and execution settled down on time. Penalty should also aim at compensating valuable activity and reprimanding destructive activities. According to these theories, a penalty application should not fail when based on the committed crime and excusive cases or moderating conditions should not exist. Betham observes that anything done should aim at providing the greatest happiness to as many people as possible. Furth ermore, he says that penalty strictness was so high, to give rise to death punishment. Theory Policies Beccaria appealed for reasoning principle where he called for state understanding as a kind of contract, and utility principle, above all, as of the biggest happiness for the biggest number. He openly condemned penalty of death on two grounds: first, he argued that the state has no right to take away lives and secondly, he said that capital punishment is not a useful form of punishment.

Which system will work best for the United States, a carbon cap and Essay

Which system will work best for the United States, a carbon cap and trade system or a straight carbon tax - Essay Example To achieve this, two paths have been proposed, cap-and-trade system and straight carbon tax. Cap and trade system provide limits on the use of fossils, it will require that industries and other main sources of greenhouse emission buy permits from the government so as to be allowed to emit the gases, in those permits they will have to establish the market. Those in support of this method argues that, it will set the limit on the amount of greenhouse gases being emitted, secondly, it is more flexible, it is fair since it will reward companies who try to reduce emission and punish those not reducing emission (Salmon 2007). The second proposed path is straight carbon tax. This gives an outright tax on fossil fuels. With this, the cost of tax is set according to the damage associated with every unit of pollution and cost equivalent to the amount of controlling pollution. Emitting a lot of greenhouse gases means paying more. Those in support of this method argues that, it is simple since it will force the people look for alternative source of energy, secondly, it is enforceable b oth in economic and political environment, and lastly, the method is transparent. The advantage of cap and trade system over straight carbon is that, it has attracted a lot of interest and attention from political, public, and industrialist. The political leaders it has attracted include president Obama, main congress leaders, and environmental crusaders. The industrialists that have attracted include General Electric leadership, Shell oil management, and Duke Energy executives (Salmon 2007). The congress key leaders have vowed to pass cap-and-trade law before the end of the year. The straight carbon tax debate was trashed out by the congress and industrial crusaders went against it claiming that it will be used by the reach and it is like the rich is buying the environment to pollute at their own pleasure. The second strength of

Cesaer Beccaria & Classical Theories of Crime and Punishment Research Paper

Cesaer Beccaria & Classical Theories of Crime and Punishment - Research Paper Example Crime is any action that violates basic believes and values of a society. These beliefs are values are the laws that the society observes, in maintaining peace and order. A person who violates these laws has to face its consequences and this is referred to as punishment. Crime and punishment classical theories are based on the philosophy of utilitarian. Cesare Beccaria was a classical school philosopher who argued that people are free to decide on how to act, and secondly, human beings are hedonists, who look for pleasure while avoiding pain and the weight of benefits and costs of the actions consequences. This theory, however, ignores motivational factors’ possibility like unconscious drives and irrationality of individuals. The theory states that: punishment of sufficient severity is the only way of stopping people from committing crime because its costs are more than the benefits. However, punishment severity should be proportional to the crime. The more certain and swift t he punishment is, the more effective it’s likely to be in preventing behaviors of crime. However, his views contrast and compare to the contemporary theory of Rational Choice Theory. Classical Theories The theory states that individuals freely choose their own actions and that avoiding such acts is only possible if the benefits that the individual expects are less than the costs, for example facing severe punishment. Therefore, the assumptions of classical theory are; all people are by nature self seeking, and hence are responsible to committing crimes. An agreement to protect private property power among others, and people deliberately enter into social agreements with the government in order to maintain peace, law is only a sign of moral agreement coherence as all people are rational and finally, every individual is responsible for his own actions. The theory also states that the behavior of law breaking is as a result of irrational actions of some people, who because of th eir shortcomings are unable to uphold an agreement with their nation or state. According to the classical theory of crime, people who disobey the law are punished in order to stop them from destructing other peoples’ rights, and this gives the government a choice to punish them and implement the penalty, since the society is independently established by people. Furthermore, the theory says that penalties must equal the interest that the crime violates and concentration should be centered on the act (Beccaria, 1764). The classical theory argues that laws should be few and execution settled down on time. Penalty should also aim at compensating valuable activity and reprimanding destructive activities. According to these theories, a penalty application should not fail when based on the committed crime and excusive cases or moderating conditions should not exist. Betham observes that anything done should aim at providing the greatest happiness to as many people as possible. Furth ermore, he says that penalty strictness was so high, to give rise to death punishment. Theory Policies Beccaria appealed for reasoning principle where he called for state understanding as a kind of contract, and utility principle, above all, as of the biggest happiness for the biggest number. He openly condemned penalty of death on two grounds: first, he argued that the state has no right to take away lives and secondly, he said that capital punishment is not a useful form of punishment.

Reaction Paperon Overthrow by Stephen Kinzer Essay

Reaction Paperon Overthrow by Stephen Kinzer - Essay Example The second part involves overthrows that were because of covert actions. During this time, the world’s big countries were involved in a cold war. Kinzer argues that the reasons for the overthrows were mainly to assist anti-colonial elements in some of the affected countries, make changes in the democratic system, and to protect the U.S. security. However, the principal objectives of carrying out the overthrows were to establish U.S. business that acts as desired as stipulated. The U.S. also had in mind the ambition to expand and access needed resources necessary for the expansion. The need to obtain new markets and strengthen the U.S. economy at the expense of its competitors also contributed to this. In part one of the Overthrow, the U.S. carried out the overthrows with the purpose of protecting its citizens and companies operating in these affected countries. For example, the Nicaraguan president was overthrown because he compromised the American security and did not promote democratic principles. The then president of the U.S. ordered the Nicaraguan president to be overthrown with the idea of defending the right of American companies to operate as they wished in Nicaragua. The same case applied to Hawaii, the government was overthrown to help American companies get access to the sugar plantations. This was an opportunity to invest in those plantations for the benefit of the Americans. When the U.S. joined hands with the rebels in Cuba to fight the Spanish rule, they did not realize that the U.S. was doing this to help itself. Immediately after the government was overthrown, the U.S was given the right to maintain military bases in Cuba. The U.S. government gave Cubans permissi on to rule themselves as long it had to be consulted before Cuba made any decision. During this Imperial period, the U.S. government also overthrew the Puerto Rico government. Puerto Rico was under the Spanish rule and the U.S. was not happy about this. Kinzer urges

Teaching and Learning Approach Essay Example for Free

Teaching and Learning Approach Essay Every learner has their own strengths and weaknesses that are reflect in the group. As a Teacher I must understand and focus on utilizing each learners strengths and work to improve on their weaknesses. All learners learn in a different ways and also from one another. The ideas and views of each learner brings to the classroom can bring insight into what is being learned. The classroom is a safe zone that appreciates individuals’ views and allows room for mistakes. Learners have to be allowed to explore new ideas, try them to see if they work, and sometimes fail. When learners are encouraged to explore, they begin to learn. Being a teacher means teaching students new information, drawing on their experiences and about being successful in life. â€Å"A session plan is a detailed breakdown of your scheme of work. It will outline all the teaching and learning activities, with allocated timings, assessment activities and resources required. It will also take into account the individual requirements of your students.† (Gravells, 5th Edition, p.63) A learner can have several different ways of learning style depending on the situation and task, a students learning style for on task may not be the same for a topic, subject or task. If a difference between the students learning style and a teachers teaching style occurs, this could lead to boredom, frustration at not understanding, low self-esteem (both learners and teachers), poor grades and dropouts. It is important to include a range of different teaching styles into the lessons, to help all students learn more successfully. To meet learners’ different needs a variety of interactive teaching and learning approaches need to be employed. Active learning engages and motivates learners to learn and achieve Good statement. There are hundreds of teaching and learning methods to choose from when deciding on the method to use for a particular class. Skills are needed in identifying and classifying those methods that could be of use to the individual teacher and students and in a evaluating the outcome achieved. I would plan my lessons, embedding the driver’s handbooks (PCV/HGV) and Highway Code and various driver’s rules and regulations: (embedding them within the learning). There are various factors that will limit the way people use the information effectively. I would also draw on the learners experiences as a useful tool as periodic training is about, Revision of what you know, Updating with changes and Sharing information between drivers. The goal of teaching is to develop proper and positive attitudes towards driving needs and to prompt lifelong skill. There are many learning styles and I used Affective Learning style, (Activities are designed so students are able to develop skills that will allow them to gain the full understanding of developing their skills and responsible behaviours), Allowing students to have a chance to participate having students understanding that they are allowed to try, fail, and then try again this will help them understand they cant be perfect every time they do something. Positive help from the teacher will keep the learner focused on the goal of developing their skills. Promote the use of working together in completing a task or goal. Using peer instruction where students teach each other and provide accurate and helpful feedback. (http://cstiles5.tripod.com/id6.html) With active learning is the time-spent teaching an understanding and development of the learner’s skills and the abilities of the individuals. I used group discussions, multiple questions. This would help to improve learner’s skills and there understanding road safety. At the end I gave out hand-outs to my learner to help them remember the main points of the session. At the end of session my peers complete a feedback so I can evaluate the session and complete reflective journal as how this session went.

Open Source Software for Creating 3D Visuals

Open Source Software for Creating 3D Visuals An open Source Software for creating 3D Visuals and example for possibility of using Smartphone for Physics Education Abstract There are many students who cannot understand concepts and ideas in physics only with plane static diagrams. The understanding of processes, dynamic phenomena or geometric relations can be enhanced with the use of computer animations POV-Ray is a freely available 3D rendering open source package which has the potential of creating animations not only for physics education but in general for science and technology education. The focus of this paper is the use of POV-Ray to create 3D animations and 3D static illustrations to visualize the packing arrangements, voids and crystal structures which are compulsory in solid state physics curriculum in undergraduate physics and explore the possibility of introducing them to use in smartphones. INTRODUCTION Computers today play an important role in acquiring and applying scientific knowledge, facilitating the learning process. There has been growing research interest in studying the impact of ICT on educational processes, in parallel with the expansion of easy access to many learners around the world [1-4]. Animation plays a major role in ICT based education and it has been demonstrated that animations serves several instructional roles such as attracting and directing attention; simulating dynamic processes and complex phenomena [5,6].As many students are not able to understand 3D environment properly, it very common, crystal structures are explained using commercially available plastic models in many classrooms. Solid State Physics (Condense Matter Physics) course which is compulsory for physics students throughout the world, one of the learning outcomes is underrating crystal structures. Students often fail to understand close packing arrangements, shape and nature of the existing vo ids, number of atoms around and separation of layers by looking at a plane static diagrams accommodated in text books. These particular animations have been chosen not just because of their solid state physics curricular interest, but also to highlight the potential of integrating the POV-Ray rendering package for physics education and science education. As the smartphones are no longer unaffordable luxury gadget for the students, educators embrace the smartphonesto engage with their students and encourage new learning strategies[7-9].The smartphones users are rapidly growing among Sri Lankan undergraduates 3D visual created in this study were checked on smooth playing on smartphone with the intension of distributing among the students in the future. 1.1 POV-RAY OPEN SOURCE POV-Ray stands for the Persistence of Vision Ray-tracer, a tool for producing high-quality computer graphics[10].Ray-tracing is a rendering technique that calculates an image of a scene by simulating the way rays of light travel in the real world. In the real world, rays of light are emitted from a light source and illuminate objects. The light reflects by the objects or passes through transparent objects. This reflected light can form images in human eyes or in a camera. The user specifies the location of the camera, light sources, and objects as well as the surface texture properties of objects, their interiors and environment. POV-Ray scenes are created in a special text language called a â€Å"scene description language (SDL)†. POV-Ray can be used for animation too. Computer animation is the process of drawing objects on a computer screen, that then appearto move around the screen. It can be done displaying a series of stationary scenes with very short time between two scenes. 2. METHOD The production of a 3D images has mainly two stages; writing and debugging source files and rendering. One has to choose the positions to locate the required objects, light source to illuminate the scene and appropriate camera position to capture, more technically called render,the scene. POV-Ray uses a simple Cartesian coordinate (Fig 1) system making easy to identify the suitable location. Figure 1. Pov-ray coordinate system (+Z axis into the computer screen) There are simple Pov-Ray SDL codes to generate almost all geometrical objects such as, box, sphere, and cylinder etc. The object â€Å"sphere† is the most appropriate object to represents the atoms while â€Å"cylinders’ to represent the atomic link.For the creation of scenes and animation described in this paper, exact coordinates of the object locations were simply calculated considering the dimension of the objects. Positioning light source to illuminate the scene, camera was located to get the suitable view. As an example following codes capture the scene, locating the camera at looking at origin, . camera { location look_at } Animations were created generating series of scenes, called frames, looking at the scene from various angles. Movie maker software such as Windows Film Maker, VirtualDub etc.can be used to play the frames continuously to make animation. Animation can be created as either animated jip or as AVI movie.A basic illustration of the process is shown below (Figure 3). Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of Software used to Create Animations 3. SAMPLE CREATIONS The first example portrays the hexagonal close packing (HCP) arrangement of spheres in the space (Figure 4.a). Hexagonal and cubic close packing arrangement (CCP)are explained to the student with the help of static plane diagrams. Many students are failed to understand these arrangements clearly. Even if they are able to explain the nature of alternative layering of the two arrangements, HCP and CCP, few students understand the nature of the voids available in such arrangement. This is valid for any average student, but of cause there may students who can understand those arrangements without any visual aid. The visual are made not for the aforementioned few students but for the majority to strengthen the understanding. These particular animations have been chosen not just because of their curricular interest, but also to highlight some of the features of the POV-Ray rendering package. The first example portrays the hexagonal close packing arrangement (figure 1). As the arrangement is slowly rotates about the vertical axis which passes through the central sphere axis shown, the viewer can interactively explore the symmetry and geometric details for these configurations. (a)(b) Figure 4. Side view of HCP arrangement (b) Top view CCP arrangement Visuals below (Figure 5) illustrate, Body Centered Cubic unit cell (a), and diamond type structure (c)and NaCl structure respectively. These creations are also possible to view from different angles, facilitating to learner to explore the structures. (b)(c) Figure 5: (a) Body Centered Cubic unit cell (b) diamond type structure (c) NaCl structure respectively. Figure 6 shows an interstitial atom which is at an octahedral site, scenes were generated from different visual angles. Figure 6 : An interstitial atom which is at an octahedral site Author has introduced these animations for university undergraduate’s and received positive feedback. Introducing the animations for smartphone users have many advantages than using them only in computers (8). Student can use them freely, anytime any place with their own desire rather using computers. 4. CONCUSION Since 3D visual aid transcends the limitations of static diagrams, it is promising tool to strengthen the understanding of various crystal structures. The animation examples that have been created in this work demonstrate that it is possible to create high quality 3-D animations using open source POV-Ray. POV-Ray visualization provides free access to sophisticated 3-D graphics rendering that could cost thousands of rupees commercially. It is worth explore the potential of Pov–Ray to simulate other complex concepts in physics to make the process of learning more independent and , student oriented. It has been confirmed that there is no any technical incompatibilities embedding these creation on smartphones. The evolution of the modern technology has to be integrated to physics teaching and make learning process more attractive. 5. REFERENCES Muller,D.A, Designing Effective Multimedia for Physics Education (2008), Ph. D thesis Michael R. Gallis, Ping Wang, Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference Exposition, American Society for Engineering Aravind, VR and Tangrirala, S Open source software for visualization in condensed matter Physics, Lat. Am. J. Physics (2012) vol 6, No, 4, pp 538-540 Poddar, A, Teaching of the phenomena of free, damped and forced oscillations in physics through an all-inclusive java applet,Physics Education, Vol 29, No. 1, Park, O. C., Gittelman, S. S. (1992). Selective use of animation and feedback in computer-based instruction. Educational Technology, Research, and Development, 40 (4), 27-38. Park, O. (1998). Visual Displays and Contextual Presentations in Computer Based Instruction. Educational Technology Research Development, 46 (3), pp. 18-32. Woodcock, B Middleton, B and Nortcliffe,AConsidering the Smartphone Learner: an investigation into student interest in the use of personal technology to enhance their learning, Student Engagement and Experience,, Journal Volume 1, Issue 1 (on line journal) JISC,Multimedia learning with mobile phones. Innovative Practices with E-learning. Case Studies: Anytime, Any Place Learning. [Online] Online at: http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/southampton.pdf Coca, D,M and Slisko, J. Software Socrative and Smartphones as Tools For Implementation of Basic Processes of Active Physics Learning in Classroom: An Initial Feasibility Study With Prospective Teachers, European J of Physics Education,Vol.4,Issue,2,2013 Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pov_ray

The Movie Bugsy :: essays research papers

BUGSY Benjamin Segal was an infamous mobster during the World War II era, a time when America was experiencing national unity. The world war was in the back of everyone’s mind. In the middle of all this madness the daily trials of being American were harder than the easier times of today. Benjamin Seigal was a big part of the mob. He was the mastermind behind the great town of Las Vegas. His borderline genius was shown throughout the movie, as well as his borderline madness. Ben Seigal aka bugsy was confronted by many problems throughout his life both the one that set him back was his love for the ladies, which led to his demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Main Characters include Bugsy-Warren Beatty –the main character Virginia Hall-Annette Benning –Bugsy’s love interest Mickey Cohen-Harvey Keitel –Bugsy’s right hand Harry Greenberg-Elliot Gould –Bugsy’s friend from NY Meyer Lansky-Ben Kingsley –Bugsy’s boss Warren Beatty was the main character in this film. Virginia Hill was Bugsy’s love interest. These two actors did a wonderful job of acting in a manner congruent with the times of the 40’s. The cast was sprinkled with tremendous talent such as Harvey Keitel, Ben Kingsley, and Elliot Gould. As a whole I think the cast did a magnificent job taking the viewers to an era of America, which is not easily forgotten by those who lived through it. A time when the world was being destroyed by the Nazi Germans was over shadowed by America’s self-involvement. A time when Americans were beginning to be proud of their little world power was accented by the world war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wardrobe and setting were excellent. The clothes the actor wore were so authentic and representative of the times. I had a conversation with my grandmother and she reminisced with me about the times in which this movie took place. She told me stories of her youthful days. She raised her nine children on Long Island in the state of New York. She witnessed the power of the mafia in the time when the mob ruled. While watching the movie she pointed out several things she had remembered from her youth. There were signs on restaurants and businesses that read, â€Å"we have air conditioning† a sign of the times. Signs that advertised things that are either not available today or completely obsolete filled the background. Air conditioning was in its early stages of development. Today I don’t think anyone would patronize a place of business that did not have air conditioning.

Reflect Victorian Society and Culture in the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay

In this essay I will be exploring the ways in which Robert Louis Stevenson portrays and reflects the society into which his novelette, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was initially introduced. To do this I will explore setting, language and form within the novel. There are also a number of themes and ideals that I will also discuss Gothic Literary Tradition, Victorian Science, duality, hypocrisy and Victorian concepts of virtue and vice. Many of the characters in â€Å"Jekyll and Hyde† show two sides to their personality. This duality is shown in their spotless and respected public face that contradicts their despicable behaviour in private. Possibly the most obvious example of this is seen where Sir Danvers Carew, a respectable MP and gentleman, seemingly a perfect person in Victorian society, is seen and killed whilst in Soho. At the time, Soho was a very undesirable area of London where respectable men were not expected to be, at an unusual time of the night. The lateness of his visit there suggests that he was doing something that he didn’t want his friends or anyone from his social circle to see, probably something deviant. Soho was a haven for drug dealers, drug users, prostitutes, all types of crime and very poor people. This is reflective of a common situation that was seen in the late eighteen hundreds. It would have been a shocking and unthought-of of idea to discuss this concept openly at the time the book was written, however, as it would make those who carried out deviant acts feel scrutinised and less safe. As if their secret was being made public. This is a very innovative and original reflection of a Victorian situation that was commonplace yet underground. We see more of this social situation when Jekyll himself explains that, as Hyde, he could perform acts that in his normal form he could not. His social standing would prohibit such behaviour and yet he felt compelled to act in this way. Conscious within Hyde and free from social expectations, he gained a sickening sense of satisfaction, remorselessness and enjoyment when he acted upon his suppressed evil longings. Or, at least, at first he did. A sentiment shown in his statement of the case where he points to, â€Å"secret pleasures, that I had enjoyed in the disguise of Hyde.† This explains that, owing to his social standing being rather high and respectable, he could not act upon certain longings, but, as Hyde, an unrespected nobody, he could. This was a similar, if more extreme, version of a situation that society at the time forced many respectable people into. Obviously nobody had two separate appearances and personalities, in a literal sense, but some had a public face and life and a private one. Expectation was very high amongst people from respectable social positions and classes. There was no room for misbehaving. It is suggested that social expectation indirectly resulted in the birth of Hyde, as the potion to turn Jekyll into Hyde was formulated in order to separate good from evil. Social expectation was satisfied by Jekyll as the focus was on the good things. As Hyde, a separate persona, he could be evil without the worry of social pressure and reputation. Jekyll says: â€Å"If each, I told myself, could but be housed in separate identities, life would be relieved of all that was unbearable; the unjust might go his way, delivered from the aspirations and remorse of his more upright twin; and the just could walk steadfast, and securely on his upright path† The duality shown in so many of the characters shows the inherent hypocrisy in Victorian society in which people had an open, public life and a secret life that only took place where the person was not available to come under scrutiny from their society or class. This is a display of the Victorian social mindset that appearances account for almost everything. So any deviancy or misbehavior could only be conducted in secret where that no one would know. The Victorians’ are shown to be willing to disregard, ignore and remain uninvolved in unpleasant things at the danger of falling from grace. This is a form of hypocrisy which is well shown where Mr. Enfield says, â€Å"I make it a rule of mine: the more something looks like Queer Street the less I ask,† to which the reply from Mr. Utterson is, † A very good rule, too.† This shows the desperation of people to save face and maintain a facade of perfection and decency in order to agree with and remain in favor of Victorian social expectations. This explains the importance of a reputation of decency and gallantry in the Victorian society in which the book was published. The idea of reputation being essential is used as a tool to scare and warn Hyde in the first chapter of the book. Enfield explains, â€Å"Killing being out of the question, we did the next best. We told the man we could and would make a scandal out of this, as should make his name stink from one end of London to the other. If he had any friends or any credit, we undertook that he should lose them.† The fact that ruining his reputation was regarded as the next best thing to killing him emphasizes the importance of this to Victorian society. Another display of the importance of reputation occurs at the end of the book where Poole and Utterson are breaking down the door to Jekyll’s cabinet and Jekyll forces Hyde to kill himself. It shows the extreme measures that Jekyll will take: he would rather be dead than tarnish his good reputation by letting his secret escape. This is a starkly shocking reminder of the importance of a reputation in Victorian high society. Victorian concepts of virtue and vice are discussed throughout the book. There was a set belief amongst the higher ranks of society that a malicious or evil nature in a person should be hidden and suppressed beneath the good features. This is explored through Jekyll and Hyde as Jekyll and Hyde are supposed to be the good and evil sides to Jekyll’s personality. So that Jekyll can safely release his suppressed evil through the form of Hyde. He could do this without coming under scrutiny from the society around him. He says â€Å"secret pleasures, that I had enjoyed in the disguise of Hyde.† Danvers Carew is another example of this as we see him in the area of Soho, despite his respectable faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade. This may be because he is secretly acting upon the evil longings that he must suppress for most of the time, due the social expectations of a man in his position Another way that Stevenson explores Victorian society is through its science. At the time of the publication of the book, one new scientific theory was the Darwinian theory of evolution. This is explored in the book. Many Victorians believed that criminals were less evolved than normal people; they were thought to be a throwback from humanity’s primitive past. Hyde, the criminal, is often described as being similar to an animal and less evolved. Specifically, he is described as being â€Å"ape-like† in his fury. Mr. Utterson says, â€Å"The man seems hardly human! Something troglodytic.† This implies he is primitive and less evolved. When Poole and Utterson are breaking into Jekyll’s cabinet Hyde emits, â€Å"A dismal screech, as of mere animal terror.† Again, animal-like traits are highlighted. Gothic Literary Traditions from the time period of the publication of the book are also important when we are discussing its storyline and themes. They were traditions that were commonplace in novels of the time. There were set rules and patterns. There is the idea of the gothic â€Å"monster† which was very common at the time, which takes the form of Hyde in this case. There was also the typical atmosphere of darkness and secrecy and unnatural forces at work. This is exemplified in the novel by the dingy and dark setting. For example, Stevenson says that there were heavy â€Å"pea souper† fogs and much of the story occurs at nighttime in eerie locations such as the run-down Soho area. This draws from real life because there were real â€Å"pea soupers† and the area of Soho was extremely undesirable and dingy. Also the fact that most of the evil occurs at nighttime is, to an extent, a reflection of Victorian reality, as the only time when respected people would be somewhere undesirable or acting upon â€Å"evil† desires would have been at night, under the cover of darkness. Hyde’s house has no windows and a single door, so is ominous, dark and secretive, with no means of an outsider being able to view what lies beyond its walls.! Another secretive technique is that the monster, Hyde, is never described in great detail. Hyde is only ever described vaguely; his â€Å"unexpressed deformity† is a clear indication that Stevenson is conscious of the vagueness of his description. We also never see the story from his direct perspective, so his point of view is hidden which adds to the secrecy of the book. There is also the idea of Hyde’s house being a lair, shown in the form of the cabinet and laboratory that add to the secrecy and is another common technique in gothic texts. Stevenson uses these traditional ideas; however, he does so in a subtle way with far less crudeness than in other books, such as Shelley’s Frankenstein and Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Hyde is not literally called a monster and is, after all, human. It is the actions and nature of the character that make him the monster. Stevenson’s use of language helps to explore the Victorian culture that the book was written in. He uses them to add to and invoke some of the Gothic Literary Traditions in his book. Stevenson describes Jekyll in a lot of detail saying that he is handsome, respected and a gentleman. However, Hyde is given very vague and non specific descriptions which add to the secrecy of the character that is, reverting to Gothic tradition, the â€Å"monster† character. Here we see a perfect display of this technique; â€Å"He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance: something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere; he gives a strong sense of deformity, although I couldn’t specify the point. He’s an extraordinary-looking man, and yet I really can name nothing out of the way. No, sir; I can make no hand of it; I can’t describe him. And it is not want of memory, for I declare I can see him this moment.† By giving a vague, sketchy description Stevenson separates Hyde from other main characters that are described in detail, by almost de-humanizing him. This adds to the sense that Hyde is the traditional monster character, which is a tool used in Victorian writing. Setting is also used by Stevenson to draw on gothic tradition and gives an eerie yet sometimes truthful view of London. The way in which Stevenson describes the lodgings of Jekyll and Hyde is a use of language that adds to the gothic literary tradition. Jekyll’s house is in a very upper class area and is decorated and furnished with great taste and wealth. Whereas Hyde lives in a very rough area, Soho and his house is a dark, seedy place with no windows and a solitary door.!! This surrounds this character, the monster, with secrecy and shields him from the outside world. It creates an ominous, tense atmosphere, which was often used in gothic texts of the era. Also the places in the book where evil occurs are described as foggy and dingy. And the majority of the story occurs at night. This adds to the darkness and secrecy of the gothic novelette. A point that is further reinforced by the secrecy that shroud the lodgings of Jekyll and Hyde. Contemporary London is portrayed as having an outwardly respectable veneer of goodness that disguised a dangerous and immoral undercurrent, the hiding place for much evil. This was to an extent actually true of Victorian London; it had respectable areas but was quite a seedy place. As an example there was the notorious Jack the Ripper, who killed prostitutes in London in the Victorian era at night in back alleys and brothels and was suspected to have been a respected politician or businessman by day. This links in with the idea of Victorians often leading double lives: good in the day and bad at night. The structure and form of the book emphasize the gothic traditions that Stevenson draws. The book is written from Mr. Utterson’s perspective with narratives and interjections from other characters, such as â€Å"Dr. Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case†; however, importantly Hyde’s opinion is omitted. This heightens the shroud of secrecy and depravity that surrounds Hyde, the â€Å"monster.† This technique was common in Gothic novels of the time. It adds tension and terror to the novels by keeping the reader deprived of knowledge. To this we can link the reaction of the contemporary reader to this story. The reader would recognize much reality in the book. They would see truths from the time. For example, the pressures of society would be familiar. Some may be shocked or slightly uncomfortable when reading it, because the ideas of living double lives and suppressing evil and acting upon it in privacy, would have rung true of some readers. To discuss this in the open would have been out of the question and may have put certain individuals in an extremely uncomfortable spotlight. As was discussed earlier in the essay there was a clear Victorian mentality that reputation was very important, possibly the most important thing to some individuals. So some may have had private feelings and longings and may have acted upon these in private. On seeing this in the book, Sir Danvers Carew’s situation for example, it may have felt to them as though they were no longer safe to have a sinful private life as people ne w that this sort of thing happened. * * * In conclusion I think that the book is a fairly truthful reflection of many aspects of Victorian society and culture, especially the idea of living a double life. I also think that Stevenson’s use of Gothic Literary tradition is effective. In the novelette, he provides a new variation on traditional themes. All in all, I think that Stevenson employs a high level of reality and supplements this by drawing from the literary culture of the Victorian Britain of which he was a part.